What is Biodiversity? 

Our planet has an extraordinary diversity of life, and all living things are somehow connected to each other. In fact, the biodiversity of our world is so rich that some species have not yet been discovered. However, many species are in danger of extinction due to human activities. Therefore, the possibility of increasing biodiversity in the future seems to be at risk.  

What is Biodiversity? 

Biodiversity is a term used to describe the diversity of life on Earth. It includes every organism living in any region or ecosystem, including humans, animals, bacteria, plants and fungi. As a result of research by scientists, approximately 1.2 million species have been identified and described. Most of these are mainly insects. However, it is estimated that 8.7 million life diversity exists in the world. In other words, only a small part of the species living on earth has been discovered so far, and the remaining large part is still waiting to be explored today. 

Biodiversity is analyzed in three groups: genetic, species and ecosystem diversity. Let’s take a closer look at these: 

• Differences in the genetic structures of organisms within a species are analyzed within genetic diversity. Living organisms within the same species survive by adapting to their environment. The fact that these organisms develop different genetic characteristics to survive in different geographies is an example of genetic diversity. 

• The diversity and number of species in a specific ecosystem are analyzed in this category. Tree species in a forest or fish species in a coral reef are examples of species diversity. 

• Ecosystems consist of living things like plants and animals and non-living things like water, air and minerals. For example, tropical forests and coral reefs are ecosystems.  

The study of biodiversity on Earth at all levels is important for a better understanding of the evolutionary conditions, ecological and cultural processes that sustain life. 

Why is Biodiversity Important? 

The decline in biodiversity has many negative effects, and the risk of this decline has never been more serious. One of the biggest reasons for this is that humanity uses natural resources as if they were unlimited and does not take truly constructive steps to protect biodiversity. Then, why is biodiversity important? 

Effects on Ecosystems 

Losing just one ecosystem may not lead to a planetary catastrophe, but it can trigger a process that may result in serious problems. The loss or threat of multiple ecosystems poses a significant issue requiring urgent action. The decline in biodiversity within expansive habitats like forests or urban areas weakens ecosystems, making it difficult for them to meet human needs such as clean water, food, and medicine. 

For instance, the Great Barrier Reef in Australia, the largest coral reef system in the world, consists of approximately 2,500 individual reefs. This extraordinary ecosystem is home to over 1,500 species of fish, more than 400 species of corals, and 4,000 species of mollusks, as well as countless marine animals and bird species. However, rising sea temperatures, overfishing, pollution, and coastal development pressures are causing coral bleaching and increased coral mortality rates. Consequently, the biodiversity within the Great Barrier Reef is under serious threat. This situation has also adversely affected tourism, a significant source of income for the Australian economy, impacting the livelihoods of those working in this sector. In summary, taking protective measures to ensure the sustainability of this magnificent biodiversity is crucial. 

Effects on Human Health 

As natural habitats are destroyed, biological diversity is compromised, increasing the risk of emerging infectious diseases. Approximately 70% of viral diseases that have spread to humans originated from animals. This is largely due to development projects encroaching into tropical forests and increasing human-wildlife interactions, which heightens the likelihood of humans contracting diseases carried by wild animals. The COVID-19 pandemic serves as a poignant example, not only as a threat to human health but also as a global economic disruptor, reducing societal well-being. Thus, the degradation of nature, ecosystems, and biodiversity directly translates into diminished human health and welfare. 

Effects on Climate 

Conserving biodiversity plays a significant role in reducing carbon emissions. For example, deforestation contributes to about 11% of human-induced greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, protecting plants and trees that store carbon means lower greenhouse gas emissions. Additionally, forest and wetland ecosystems act as crucial buffers against extreme weather events caused by climate change, such as excessive rainfall, storms, and floods. A 2017 study by Conservation International indicated that nature could account for 30% of the targeted carbon emission reductions by 2030. 

Effects on the Economy 

Biological resources form a substantial part of the global economy. Indeed, at least 40% of the world economy and about 80% of the needs of the poor are supported by biological resources. Millions of people rely on biological diversity and nature for their livelihoods. Therefore, failing to take necessary steps to protect biodiversity and destroying high-biodiversity ecosystems can lead to significant financial losses across various sectors. 

Effects on Culture and Identity 

Major religions often use natural elements and species as symbols. This is also true for cultures and national identities. In today’s world, 231 species are officially used as national symbols in 142 countries. However, over 30% of these species are currently under threat. The extinction of these species could lead to the loss of religious symbols, cultural narratives, and national identities. Thus, protecting biodiversity is also synonymous with preserving religious symbols, cultures, and identities. 

What Can Be Done to Protect Biodiversity? 

Protecting biodiversity is often considered on a global scale rather than individual efforts, and this is somewhat accurate. Global actions can significantly contribute to biodiversity conservation. However, there are also individual actions you can take to support this cause: 

Adopt Sustainable Agricultural Practices 

Adopting sustainable agricultural practices is key to preserving biodiversity. Farmers who switch from chemical use to methods like Integrated Pest Management (IPM) provide consumers with high-quality, chemical-free products. Methods such as organic farming, drip irrigation, and rainwater harvesting help maintain soil health and manage water resources effectively. If you are involved in agriculture, avoiding harmful chemicals and embracing biodiversity-friendly practices can make a difference. 

Support Bee Conservation 

Bees are vital for ecosystem health and biodiversity. They play a crucial role in plant reproduction and agricultural production. However, bee populations are currently under serious threat. Small actions can significantly support bee populations, such as: 

• Planting nectar-producing wildflowers to provide bees with suitable habitats and continuous food sources. 

• Constructing bee habitats like bee boxes. 

• Avoiding the use of pesticides and other harmful chemicals. 

• Organizing community education programs and awareness campaigns on bee conservation. 

• Addressing threats from parasitic mites, such as Varroa, which pose a major risk to bee colonies. 

Conserving bees supports natural balance and ensures healthier environments for future generations. 

Conserve Water 

Our freshwater resources are finite, and the continuity of ecosystems and species depends on these limited water sources. Therefore, even simple water conservation efforts can significantly contribute to biodiversity protection. Some water-saving measures include: 

• Shortening shower times. 

• Preventing unnecessary water flow when washing hands, dishes, or brushing teeth. 

• Choosing low-flow showerheads and faucets. 

• Using greywater systems to recycle household water for gardening. 

• Repairing any leaks in water systems. 

Support Local Ecosystems 

Recent increases in outdoor activities can negatively impact local ecosystems. When engaging in activities like nature walks, consider the following to help protect biodiversity: 

• Follow rules in natural areas. 

• Avoid collecting local plant species, as this can reduce their populations and disrupt local food chains. 

• Educate your children and pets about nature and biodiversity. 

• Clean up any waste and avoid leaving litter behind. 

• Volunteer with environmental organizations to support local habitat restoration and plant native species. 

Support Local Agriculture and Choose Sustainable Products 

To protect biodiversity, you should pay attention to every product you buy. Because some manufacturers can take steps that harm biodiversity while preparing their products. Some active communities are investigating whether the products or services you buy contribute to the destruction of habitats. By following such labels, you can question the source of the products you consume and become a conscious consumer in terms of protecting biodiversity.

You can also reduce the carbon footprint associated with logistics by shopping from local producers. Since shopping from local producers keeps money in the local economy, it also creates funds for sustainable agricultural practices.

Threats to Biodiversity 

Threats to biodiversity fall into five categories: habitat destruction, climate change, pollution, overconsumption, and hunting. Addressing and reducing these threats can enhance biodiversity. Here’s a brief overview: 

Habitat Destruction 

Habitat destruction refers to the damage to natural living spaces due to human activities. As ecosystems are disrupted, the survival chances for plants and animals diminish. Major causes include deforestation for urban expansion and logging. Notable examples include deforestation in Borneo and Sumatra for palm oil production, which has narrowed habitats for species like orangutans. 

Urban development and the conversion of natural areas for agriculture or mining also contribute to habitat destruction. 

Climate Change 

Global warming has detrimental effects on ecosystems and biodiversity. Many species require specific temperature ranges to survive, and deviations from these ranges can threaten their existence. Rising sea levels, caused by global warming, impact both marine and coastal ecosystems. Extreme weather events like hurricanes, floods, droughts, and wildfires disrupt ecosystems, as seen in the 2019 Australian wildfires, which killed millions of animals and released significant carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. 

Pollution 

Water, air, and soil pollution pose major threats to biodiversity. Contaminants like heavy metals and chemicals pollute water sources, affecting aquatic life and other species. Industrial waste and mining chemicals can lead to toxic accumulation in some species, impairing their reproductive success. Air pollution causes acid rain and toxic gases, harming vegetation, water sources, and reducing photosynthesis in forests. 

Plastic pollution, particularly microplastics, presents severe risks to aquatic life and seabirds. 

Overconsumption 

Our natural resources are being consumed unsustainably due to activities like excessive logging and land conversion for agriculture. The deforestation of the Amazon and the drying of the Aral Sea are stark examples of overconsumption’s impact. 

Hunting 

Overhunting and illegal hunting threaten many marine and terrestrial species. For instance, overfishing has drastically reduced populations of bluefin tuna. The decline in certain species disrupts food chains and affects ecosystem function. Illegal hunting for rhino horns and elephant ivory also endangers these species. 

Protecting Biodiversity for a Livable World 

Failing to protect biodiversity can disrupt the ecological balance of our world, eventually making it uninhabitable not just for endangered species but for us as well. However, both individual actions and government measures can contribute to conserving biodiversity. Sustainable agriculture, reducing plastic use, and implementing carbon footprint reduction strategies are crucial for preserving biodiversity. 

OuickCarbon offers a user-friendly software solution that calculates and reports corporate carbon footprints according to the 14064-1:2018 standard and GHG Protocol. Contact us to start calculating your corporate footprint and developing strategies to reduce your carbon footprint while supporting biodiversity conservation.